تجارة المشروبات الکحولية في المستعمرات الأفريقية في ضوء مؤتمر بروکسل 1889-1912م د/ إيمان رجب زکي تمام د/ إيمان رجب زکي تمام

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المستخلص

الملخص:
يسعى هذا البحث لمناقشة قضية مهمة في المستعمرات الأفريقية وهي قضية تجارة المشروبات الکحولية، وذلک بالبحث في التأثيرات التي نتجت عن هذه التجارة، ومدى تحمل قوى الاستعمار الأوروبي المسئولية عنها. وتترکز أهمية الموضوع وأسباب اختياره في الکشف عن  مزاعم الاستعمار، بأنه بصدد أداء رسالة مقدسة  تتمثل في النهوض إلى أقصى حد بالرفاهية المادية والمعنوية لسکان أفريقيا ، وکانت المطالبة بحظر بيع المشروبات الکحولية للأفارقة واحدة من الدلائل التي استندت إليها الدعاية الاستعمارية للتأکيد على حسن نية الاستعمار وجهوده الإصلاحية في أفريقيا ، ويعتمد هذا البحث منهج البحث التاريخي القائم على التحليل والنقد للمادة الوثائقية وخاصة الوثائق البريطانية. وسوف يکشف هذا البحث عن عدد من النتائج المهمة؛ منها أن الدعاية الاستعمارية لعبت دورًا کبيرًا؛ لقلب الحقائق المتعلقة بمسألة تجارة المشروبات الکحولية ، وحرصت بريطانيا على إقرار زيادة رسوم استيراد المشروبات الکحولية في مستعمرات غرب أفريقيا دون طلب حظر هذه التجارة تمامًا، نتيجة استفادتها من رسوم الاستيراد العالية بالإضافة إلى الحد من مکاسب القوى الاستعمارية الأخرى من مکاسب هذه التجارة. واتضح أن جلسات بروکسل التي عقدت خلال الفترة الممتدة من عامي 1889م و 1912م لم تسع لوضع حلٍ ناجع للمسألة ؛ لأن کل طرف أدار النقاش، واقترح القرارات التي تخدم مصالحه، وليس القضاء على هذه التجارة، أو الحد منها.
Abstract
This research seeks to discuss an important issue in the African colonies which is the issue of the Liquor Traffic, by examining the effects that resulted from this trade, and the extent to which the European colonial powers bear the responsibility for it. The importance of the topic and the reasons for choosing it are focused on exploration the allegations of colonialism, as it is in the process of performing a sacred message that is to maximize the material and moral well-being of the people of Africa. The demand to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages to Africans was one of the indications that colonial propaganda relied on to confirm the goodwill of colonialism and its reform efforts in Africa. This research adopts the historical research methodology based on the analysis and criticism of documentary material, especially British documents. This research will reveal a number of important results; Of them, colonial propaganda played a big role; To change the facts on the issue of the liquor traffic. Britain was keen to approve the increase in import duties for liquor traffic in the West African colonies without asking for a ban on this trade completely, as a result of its benefit from the high import duties in addition to limiting the gains of other colonial powers from the gains of this trade. and it turned out that the Brussels sessions that were held during the period between 1889 and 1912 did not seek to find a viable solution to the issue, because each party conducted the debate and proposed decisions that serve its interests, not to eliminate or limit this trade.

الكلمات الرئيسية

المراجع

قائمة المصادر والمراجع
أولاً - الوثائق غير المنشورة:
-       F.O 403/122: Inclosure 3 in No.111: From the Merchants, Traders, and Residents of Lagos to Governor Moloney, Lagos, March 12, 1889.
-       F.O 403/122: Inclosure 1 in No. 290, From Herr Von Puttkamer to Prince Bismarck, Funchal, May 15, 1889.
-       F.O 403/122: Inclosure 1 in No. 323: Royal Niger Company Chartered and Limited, by George Tubman-Goldie ( Deputy Governor ), London, December 16, 1889.
-       F.O 403/304: Inclosure 10 in No.18: Report by Messrs. Williams and Atkins and Dr. Easmon, Accra, December 18, 1891.
-       F.O 403/169: Ratification of the Brussels Act 1891-1892, Inclosure No. 105,Message from Royal Niger Company to Foreign Office, by: Henry Morley, Surrey Housem, Victoria Embankment, London, January 26, 1892.
-       F.O 403/169: Annex Memorandum by Sir C. Hill, January 26, 1892.
-       F.O 403/169: Inclosure No. 165, Message from Mr. Portal to the Marquiz Salisbury, Zanzibar, April 7, 1892.
-       F.O 403/376: British Plenipotentiaries to Liquor Conference, to Sir Edward Gray, Inclosure 2 in No. 88: Declaration by the British Plenipotentiaries, Brussels, October 17, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: British Plenipotentiaries to Liquor Conference to Sir Edward Grey, (No.1. Liquor Conference)  Message from Sir Arthur H. Hardinge, A. W. Clarke, H. J. Read, to Sir Edward Grey ( Foreign Office ), Brussels, October 17, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: British Plenipotentiaries to Liquor Conference to Sir Edward Grey, Inclosure in No. 96, Declaration by the British Plenipotentiaries, Brussels, October 22, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: British Plenipotentiaries to Liquor Conference to Sir Edward Grey, Inclosure 2 in No. 102, Declaration by the Portuguese Plenipotentiaries, Sitting of The Conference Held October 24, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: British Plenipotentiaries to Liquor Conference to Sir Edward Grey, Inclosure in No. 100, Declaration by the British Plenipotentiaries, Brussels, October 24, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: Message from the Marquis Di San Giuliano (Italian Embassy), to Sir Edward Grey, Inclosure No. 106, Italian Embassy, October 26, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: Message from Sir Edward Grey, to Sir A. Hardinge, Inclosure in, No. 108, Foreign Office, October 30, 1906.
-       F.O 403-376: African Liquor Traffic Convention, Signed at Brussels, Inclosure 2 in No. 117, Brussels, November 3, 1906.
-       F.O 403-428: Message from Sir  Edward Goschen ( the British Ambassador in Berlin ), to Sir Edward Grey (Foreign Office ), Berlin, April 13, 1910.
-       F.O 403-428: Message from G. V. Fiddes ( Colonial Office) ), to Foreign Office, Downing Street, May 11, 1910.
-       F.O 403-428: Message from Sir Francis Bertie, to M. Pichon, Paris, May 30, 1910.
-       F.O 403- 437:Avant-Projet De Convention Présenté Par La Délégation Britannique Dans La Séance Du 6 Janvier, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437: Further Correspondence Respecting the Liquor Traffic, British Delegates to African Liquor Conference ( F. H Villiers, Charles Strachey, J. A. C Tilley ), to Sir Edward Grey ( Foreign Office), Brussels, January 9, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437: Statements by French, German, and Netherlands Ministers, Enclosure in No.1, from British Delegates to African Liquor Conference ( F. H Villiers, Charles Strachey, J. A. C Tilley ), to Sir Edward Grey              ( Foreign Office), Brussels, January 9, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437: Summary of Proceedings of Sub-Commission, by British Delegates to African Liquor Conference ( F. H Villiers, Charles Strachey, J. A. C Tilley), to Sir Edward Grey ( Foreign Office) Enclosure in No.7 , Brussels, January 17, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437: TélégraphieNo. 8, by Sir .F. Villiers, to Sir Edward Grey ( Foreign Office), Brussels, January 18, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437: TélégraphieNo. 9, by Sir Edward Grey               ( Foreign Office), to Sir .F. Villiers, Brussels, January 18, 1912.
-       F.O 403- 437:  African Liquor Conference by F. H Villiers, to Sir Edward Grey ( Foreign Office) , Brussels, February 17, 1912.
ثانيًا ـ الوثائق المنشورة:
-       House of Commons: Africa (European Powers), Hansard, Deb 02, Apr 1897, Vol.48.
-       House of Commons: The Liquor Traffic among the African Races Observation, Hansard, Deb 06, May 1889, Vol.335.
-       House of Commons: Importation and Sale of Liquor in West Africa, Hansard, Deb 06, Jun, 1905, Vol.147.
-       Treaties and Other International Agreements of The United States of America 1776- 1949: Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spirituous Liquors (General Act of Brussels), Signed at Brussels, July 2, 1890, Complied under the Direction of Charles I. Bevans (Department of State), Vol.1 Multilateral 1776-1917, Department of State, Washington, November 1968.
-       Treaties and other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776- 1949: Liquor Traffic in Africa: Duties, Convention Signed at Brussels June 8, 1899, Complied under the Direction of Charles I. Bevans (Department of State), Vol.1 Multilateral 1776-1917, Washington, November 1968.
ثالثًا ـ المراجع العربية والمعربة:
-           حسين علي: المعجم الحديث لمصطلحات الصناعات الغذائية، دار علاء الدين للنشر والتوزيع، دمشق، 2018.
-           کالدويل. ج. ش: الآثار الاجتماعية للسيطرة الاستعمارية: المظاهر الديموغرافية، تاريخ أفريقيا العام، المجلد السابع: أفريقيا في ظل السيطرة الاستعمارية 1880-1935، إشراف: أ. آدو بواهن، اليونسکو، 1990.
-           کانيکي، م. هـ. ي: الاقتصاد الاستعماري: المناطق التي کانت خاضعة للنفوذ البريطاني، تاريخ أفريقيا العام، المجلد السابع: أفريقيا في ظل السيطرة الاستعمارية 1880-1935، إشراف: أ. آدو بواهن، اليونسکو، 1990.
-           کراودر. م: الحرب العالمية الأولى ونتائجها، تاريخ أفريقيا العام، المجلد السابع: أفريقيا في ظل السيطرة الاستعمارية 1880-1935، إشراف: أ. آدو بواهن، اليونسکو، 1990.
-           لويس معلوف: المنجد في اللغة والأعلام، دار المشرق، 1997.
-           محمد عبد القادر سليمان: أفريقيا من القرن التاسع عشر وحتى الحرب العالمية الثانية، منشورات جامعة بني غازي، 2012.
-           وولي سوينکا: الفنون في أفريقيا خلال فترة السيطرة الاستعمارية، المجلد السابع: أفريقيا في ظل السيطرة الاستعمارية 1880-1935، إشراف: أ. آدو بواهن، اليونسکو، 1990.
رابعًا ـ المراجع الأجنبية:
-       Ambler,Charles and Crush, Jonathan: Alcohol in Southern African Labor History, In: Ambler,Charles and Crush, Jonathan (Eds): Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa, Ohio University Press, USA, 1992.
-       Ambler, Charles: The Specter of Degeneration: Alcohol and Race in West Africa in the Early Twentieth Century, In Pliley, Jessica and Others ( Eds ) " Global Anti-Vice Activism, 1890-1950: Fighting Drinks, Drugs, and Immorality ", Cambridge University Press, 2016.
-       Ayandele, E. A: Holy Johnson: Pioneer of African Nationalism 1836-1917, Frank Cass and Company Limited, London, 1970.
-       Bersselaar, Dmitri Van Den: The King of Drinks: Schnapps Gin From Modernity to Tradition, Library of Congress, Lieden- Boston, 2007.
-       Brunn, Kettil and Others: Alcohol Control Policies in Public Health Perspective, Finland, 1975.
-       Bryden, Henry Anderson: Gun and Camera in Southern Africa, London, 1893.
-       Crowe, Sybil Eyre: The Berlin West African Conference 1884-1885, Longmans, New York, 1942.
-       Durand: A Voyage to Senegal, London, 1806.
-       French Equatorial Africa, Handbooks Prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, No. 108, Published by H. M. Stationary Office, London, 1920.
-       Geary, William: Nigeria under British Rule 1927, Routledge, 2013.
-       Heap, Simon: " A Bottle of Gin is Dangled before the Nose of the Natives": The Economic Uses of Imported Liquor in Southern Nigeria, 1860-1920, Paper Presented at " Money in Africa ": an International and Interdisciplinary Conference, The British Museum, London 9-11 March, 2007.
-       Kingsley, Mary: Travels In West Africa, Macmillan, New York, 1897.
-       Mcphee, Allan: The Economic Revolution in British West Africa, Frank Cass Company Ltd, Second Edition, London, 1971.
-       Pan, Lynn: Alcohol in Colonial Africa, The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Finland, 1975.
-       Patton, Cornelius. H: The Lure of Africa, Cosimo Classic, New York, 2006.
-       Rudin, Harry: Germans in the Cameroons 1884-1914 A Case Study in Modern Imperialism, Yale University Press, 1938.
-       Sulkunen, Pekka: On International Alcohol Statistics, A Working Paper on WAP Data. Helsinki: Reports from the Social Research Institute of Alcohol Studies No. 72, 1973.
-       White, Arthur Silva: The Development of Africa, London, 1890.
خامسًا ـ الدوريات العربية:
-       عبد الله عبد الرازق إبراهيم: الجهود الدولية لإلغاء الرق في أفريقيا، المجلة التاريخية المصرية، المجلد 32، القاهرة، 1985.
سادسًا ـ الدوريات الأجنبية:
-       Bourne, H.R. Fox: Agreement of European Powers as to Liquor Supply in Africa, Journal of The Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol.1, No.2, ( Jul, 1899 ).
-       Chatelian, Heli: The Internal Slave Trade in Africa, Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol.28, No.1, 1896.
-       Dumett, Raymond. E: The Social Impact of the European Liquor Trade on the Akan of Ghana ( Gold Coast and Asante ) 1875-1910, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.5, No.1, ( Summer, 1974 ).
-       Forae, Ovie Felix: Prohibition of “Illicit” Alcohol in Colonial Nigeria: A Study in the Tenacity of Ogogoro (Local Gin) in Urhoboland, Southern Nigeria, 1910 – 1950, The International Journal Of Innovative Research & Development, Vol.2, Issue.3, March 2013.
-       Heap, Simon: Liquor Licences and Spirit Boycotts: the Struggle to Control Liquor in Ibadan and Abeokuta, Southern Nigeria, 1908-9, Social History of Alcohol and Drugs, Vol. 25, 2011.
-       Murray, Kenric: Mr. Chamberlain and Colonial Commerce, The Economic Journal, Vol.7, No. 25, ( Mar 1897 ).
-       Neuburger, Hugh and Stokes, Houston. H: The Anglo-German Trade Rivalry, 1887-1913: A Counterfactual Outcome and its Implications, Social Science History, Vol. III, No. 2 (Winter, 1979).
-       Odejide, Olabisi. A: Alcohol Policies in Africa, African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, Vol.5, No.1, 2006.
-       Olorunfemi, A:
-       The Liquor Traffic Dilemma in British West Africa: the Southern Nigeria Example 1895-1918, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol.17, No.2, 1984.
-       West Africa and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry 1895-1914, Journal Of The Historical Society Of Nigeria, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (Dec, 1981 - June 1982).
-       Olukoju, Ayodeji: Prohibition and Paternalism: the State and the Clandestine Liquor Traffic in Northern Nigeria, C. 1898-1918, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1991).
-       Shepperson, George: The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin 1884-1885, Phylon, Vol.46, No.1,              ( 1st Qtr, 1985 ).
-       The Times: Gin Traffic in West Africa, by: Carter, Gilbert, Thursday, Jun 6, 1895.
-       The Times: The Liquor Traffic in Africa, by: Bentley, W. Holman, Monday, Jun 27, 1898.
-       The Times: The Liquor Traffic in West Africa, by: Tugwell, Herbert, Monday, Mar 27, 1899.
-       The Times: Native Races and the Liquor Traffic, Saturday, Apr 15, 1899.
-       The Times: The Liquor Question in Southern Nigeria, Wednesday, Jul 12, 1911.
سابعًا ـ رسائل جامعية:
-         يحيى محمد طاهر الغزاوي: مؤتمر بروکسل 1890 دراسة تاريخية للمؤتمر وآثاره، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، معهد البحوث والدراسات الأفريقية، جامعة القاهرة، 2001.
 
 

ملفات

شارك

إرسال الاستشهاد إلى

الإحصائيات