ضم جزر (هاواي) إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية عام 1898م بين التأييد والمعارضة " في ضوء مناقشات الکونغرس الأمريکى" إعداد د/ أحمد عبد السيد إبراهيم الألفى مدرس التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر کلية التربية – جامعة دمنهور البريد الإلکتروني: D_a_abdelsyed@edu.dmu.edu.eg

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المستخلص

الملخص:
     يتناول البحث قرار ضم جزر (هاواي) للولايات المتحدة، موضحاً العلاقات التى کانت تربط الولايات المتحدة بمملکة (هاواي)، ثم الانقلاب على حکومة الجزر والاطاحة بالملکة ليليوکالانيLiliuokalani وتکوين حکومة مؤقتة سيطر عليها البيض في 1893م، وبدأت هذه الحکومة السعى لإنجاح ضم الجزر للولايات المتحدة، خاصة مع انتخاب الرئيس الجمهورى وليم ماکينلي William McKinley، وکانت الحرب الإسبانية الأمريکية فى عام 1898م عاملاً فى دفع المترددين فى الکونغرس الأمريکي إلى تبنى قرار الضم الذي أيده الحزب الجمهوري. ودارت المناقشات فى الکونغرس الأمريکي للقرار بين الفريق المؤيد والمعارض. وقدم الفريق المؤيد حججه لتبنى هذا القرار والتى دارت حول الأهمية الاستراتيجية للجزر، والتى برزت من وجهة نظرهم خلال الحرب مع إسبانيا، کونها مرکزا للدفاع عن الغربي للولايات المتحدة، خاصة ميناء بيرل هاربر Pearl Harbor الحصين. کذلک الأهمية الاقتصادية للجزر بما تنتجه من السکر، وکون الجزر محطة للفحم فى الطريق إلى الشرق الأقصى. بالإضافة إلى عدم قدرة الجزر على الحفاظ على استقلالها لفترة طويلة، وخطورة السيطرة اليابانية عليها. وتصدى الفريق المعارض لتفنيد هذه الحجج، وتوضيح نقاط الضعف التى تعتريها. وعرض الفريق المعارض مبرراته للرفض والتى ترکزت حول عدم دستورية قرار الضم، لأن ضم الأراضي من وجهة نظرهم يتم من خلال معاهدة تتطلب موافقة ثلثي مجلس الشيوخ، وليس قرارا يصدر بأغلبية الأصوات فى غرفتي الکونغرس. وکذلک مخالفة قرار الضم لسياسة الولايات المتحدة التقليدية، وأنه مؤشر على بداية سياسة استعمارية جديدة لا يمکن توقع المدى الذي ستتوقف عنده. ومن المبررات التى ساقوها أيضاً عدم تجانس سکان الجزر الذين يتکونون من مزيج من الأجناس المختلفة، وخطورة ضم هذا المزيج إلى الولايات المتحدة. وکذلک القول بأن حکومة الجزر الحالية غير دستورية ولا تمثل شعب الجزر. بالإضافة لإنتشار مرض الجذام فى الجزر وخطورة انتقاله إلى الولايات المتحدة بعد الضم. وتصدى الفريق المؤيد للقرار لهذه الحجج يفندها ويرد عليها، ويوضح جوانب الضعف فيها. وانتهى النقاش فى الکونغرس إلى تبنى القرار المؤيد للضم، وبذلک تم إلحاق جزر (هاواي) بالولايات المتحدة، وصارت جزءا منها. 
Abstract
     This research deals with the resolution to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, explaining the relations between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii, the coup against the island government, the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani and the formation of a provisional government controlled by the Whites in 1893.  This government thereby started to seek for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, especially with the election of Republican President William McKinley. Additionally, the Spanish-American war in 1898 was a main factor in pushing American congressional hesitators to adopt the Republican-backed annexation resolution. Discussions were held in the US Congress on the resolution between the supporting and the opposing groups. The supporting group presented its arguments for the adoption of the resolution, which revolved around the strategic importance of the islands, which, in their views, emerged during the war with Spain, as a center for Western defense of the United States, particularly the fortified Pearl Harbor. Furthermore, the economic importance of the islands, including the sugar they produce, and the islands being a coal station on the way to the Far East, which makes it important. In addition, the islands are unable to maintain their independence for a long time, and the danger of Japanese control over them. The opposing team refuted these arguments, clarifying their weaknesses. The opposition group presented its grounds for rejection, which centered on the unconstitutionality of the annexation resolution, because land annexation, in their view, is accomplished through a treaty requiring the approval of two-thirds of the Senate, rather than a resolution passed by a majority of the votes in both chambers of Congress. They also state that this is contrary to the traditional Policy of the United States, and it is an indication of the beginning of a new colonial policy, where the extent to which it cannot be predicted. Among the justifications that they stated is the heterogeneity of the islander populations, who were made up of a mixture of different races, and the danger of annexing this mixture in the United States. It is also to argue that the current government of the islands is unconstitutional and does not represent the people of the islands. In addition to the spread of leprosy in the islands and the risk of its transmission to the United States after annexation. The supporting group of the resolution has addressed these arguments, refuting them and clarifying their weaknesses. The debate in Congress ended with the adoption of the supporting-annexation resolution, thereby attaching the Hawaiian Islands to the United States and becoming part of it.

الكلمات الرئيسية

المراجع

قائمة المصادر والمراجع
أولًا: الوثائق المنشورة:
ý    مجموعة وثائق مجلس الشيوخ:
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Stephen M. White, of California, in the Senate of the United States, June 21 and 22, July 5 and 6, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, in the Senate of the United States, June 25, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Against the  Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. John L. Mitchell, of Wisconsin, in the Senate of the United States, Tuesday, June 21, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Against the  Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. John L. Mitchell, of Wisconsin, in the Senate of the United States, Tuesday, June 21, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         The Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, in the Senate of the United States, Monday, June 20, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. Stephen R. Mallory, of Florida, in the Senate of the United States, Friday, July 1, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaiian Annexation: Speech of Hon. A.O. Bacon, of Georgia,  in the Senate of the United States, Monday, June 20, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Remarks of Hon J. B. Foraker, of Ohio, in the Senate of the United States, June 25, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
 
ý    مجموعة وثائق مجلس النواب:
-         Hawaii, the GreatOcean Crossroads: Speech of Hon. Henry R. Gibson, of Tennessee, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. William S. Mesick, of Michigan, in the House of Representatives, Monday, June 13, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Charles L. Henry, of Indiana, in the House of Representatives, Monday, June 13, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. John A. Barham, of California, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. James H. Davidson, of Wisconsin, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii Annexation: Remarks of Hon. J. H. Bromwell, of Ohio, in the House of Representatives, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii Annexation: Speech of Hon. Marion De Vries, of California, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii Annexation Justified in Interests of Peace and an Honorable Discharge of Duty: Remarks of Hon. J. H. Walker, of Massachusetts, in the House of Representatives, Saturday, June 11, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Charles E. Pearce, of Missouri, in the House of Representatives, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii: Speech of Hon. James F. Stewart, of New Jersey, in the House of Representatives, June 13, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Horace G. Snover, of Michigan, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. E.D. Crumpacker, of Indiana, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, 14 June1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. Adolph Meyer, of Louisiana, in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, June 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. Daniel W. Mills, of Illinois, in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, June 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         The Islands of Hawaii – are They to Be A Buttress or A Menace to our Western Cost? Speech of Hon. James A. Tawney, of Minnesota, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, March 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. George W. Ray, in the House of Representatives, Saturday, June 11, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaii: Speech of Hon. R. F. Broussard, of Louisiana, in the House of Representatives, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Against the  Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. Thos. H. Ball, of Texas, in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, June 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. Horace B. Packer, of Pennsylvania, in the House of Representatives, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. D. S. Alexander, of New York, in the House of Representatives, Saturday, June 11, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands: Speech of Hon. John W. Gaines, of Tennessee, in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, June 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Hawaiian Annexation and our Foreign Policy:  Speech of Hon. James D. Richardson, of Tennessee, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. John F. Rixey, of Virginia, in the House of Representatives, Saturday, June 11, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. John C. Bell, of Colorado, in the House of Representatives, Monday, June 13, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Proposed Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Richard P. Bland, of Missouri, in the House of Representatives, Monday, June 13, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine, in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, June 15, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
-         Annexation of Hawaii: Speech of Hon. Richard A. Wise, of Virginia, in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, June 14, 1898, (Washington: 1898).
ثانياً: المؤلفات والدراسات:
ý    المؤلفات والدراسات العربية:
-         إيرل نز متيلمان، موجز جغرافية أمريکا، (د.م، وکالة الإعلام الأمريکية، د.ت).
-         صلاح أحمد هريدى، دراسات في التاريخ الأمريکي، (الإسکندرية: دار الوفاء لدنيا الطباعة والنشر، 2000)
-    عبد العزيز سليمان نوار ومحمود محمد جمال الدين، تاريخ الولايات المتحدة المريکية "من القرن السادس عشر حتى القرن العشرين"، (القاهرة: دار الفکر العربى، 1999).
-         فتحى محمد أبو عيانة ومحمد الفتحى بکير، جغرافية الأمريکتين، (الإسکندرية: دار المعرفة الجامعية، 2001).
ý     المؤلفات والدراسات الأجنبية:
-         A. D. Hall, Hawaii, (New York: Street & Smith, Publishers, 1898).
-         Ann Rayson, Modern History of Hawaii, (Honolulu: Bee Press, 2004).
-         Daniel Logan, A History of the Hawaiian Islands Their Resources and People, (New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1907).
-         Derek Taylor, Historiography on the Colonization and Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, (California:  History 300A, 2015).
-         Edmund Janes Carpenter, America in Hawaii: A History of United states Influence in the Hawaiian Islands, (Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1899).
-         Jon M. Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaii?, (University of Hawaii Press, 2008).
-         Kees van Dijk, Pacific Strife, (AmsterdamUniversity Press, 2015).
-         Paul D’arcy, Transforming Hawaii, (ANU Press, 2018).
-         Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison, Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law, (Washington: CQ Press, 2009).
-         Roger Bell, Last Among Equals: Hawaiian Statehood and American Politics, (University of Hawaii Press, 1984).
 
ثالثاً: البحوث والمقالات:
ý     الأبحاث العربية:
-    ماجد محيي الفتلاوى وإيمان صباح أحمد الجيلانى، (وليام ماکينلى ونشاطه السياسى فى الولايات المتحدة المريکية 1896 – 1901) مجلة العلوم الإنسانية: کلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية، المجلد 25، العدد الثانى حزيران 2018.
ý    الأبحاث الأجنبية:
-         Arthur Curtiss James, "Advantages of Hawaiian Annexation", the North American Review, Vol. 165, No. 493 (Dec., 1897).
-         William A. Russ, Jr, “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation", Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Dec., 1943).
-         Thomas A. Bailey, “The United States and Hawaii during the Spanish-American War", the American Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Apr., 1931).
-         Thomas J. Osborne," The Main Reason for Hawaiian Annexation in July, 1898", Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Jun., 1970).
رابعاً: الدوريات الأجنبية:
-         The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, June 24, 1897, Vol. xxv – No.4642.
-         The Herald "Los Angeles", No. 259, June 16, 1898.
-         The Pacific commercial advertiser,  Vol. xxviii, no. 4971,  July 14, 1898. 

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